The amount of electricity that a battery can give under certain discharge conditions is called the battery's capacity, which is represented by the symbol C. The commonly used unit is ampere hour, abbreviated as ampere hour (Ah). Usually the discharge time rate is indicated at the lower corner of C, such as: C10 indicates the discharge capacity of 10 hours rate; C20 indicates the discharge capacity of 20 hours rate.

The battery capacity is divided into rated capacity and actual capacity. The actual capacity refers to the amount of power that the battery can output under certain discharge conditions. It is equal to the product of the discharge current and the discharge time, and the unit is Ah. During use, the actual capacity is affected by the discharge rate, termination voltage and temperature. Rated capacity refers to the minimum capacity that the battery should be released under certain discharge conditions.

(1) Deep discharge (2) High current discharge (3) High current charge (4) Overcharge (5) Influence of ambient temperature

Using inferior chargers, faulty chargers, chargers with high maximum charging voltage parameters, or charging the battery for too long, will cause the battery to lose water and increase the electrolyte, which will easily cause expansion and deformation, and make the battery life Early termination.

Valve-regulated lead-acid batteries are divided into two types: AGM and GEL batteries. AGM uses Absorbent Glass Mat as the isolation plate. The electrolyte is absorbed in the plate and the isolation plate. There is no flowing electrolyte in the battery, the battery can work in vertical or lying position; colloid (GEL) SiO2 is used as coagulant, the electrolyte is absorbed in the electrode plate and the colloid, and it generally works in vertical position.

The depth of discharge (DOD) refers to the percentage of the power taken from the battery to the rated capacity. The depth of discharge of shallow-cycle batteries should not exceed 25%, and deep-cycle batteries can release 80% of the electricity.

If the working environment temperature of valve-regulated lead-acid batteries is too high, or the voltage of the charging equipment is out of control, the battery charging capacity will increase too fast, the internal temperature of the battery will increase, and the battery heat dissipation will not be good, which will cause overheating, the internal resistance of the battery will decrease, and the charging current will again Any additional increase, the internal resistance is further reduced. This repeatedly forms a vicious circle, until thermal runaway causes severe deformation and cracking of the battery casing. In order to prevent the occurrence of thermal runaway, corresponding measures should be adopted:

(1) The charging equipment should have temperature compensation or current limiting.

(2) Strictly control the quality of the safety valve to allow the gas inside the battery to be discharged normally.

(3) The battery should be set in a well-ventilated location and the battery temperature should be controlled. 

Chargers required to use valve-regulated lead-acid batteries have the following functions: (1) Automatic voltage stabilization (2) Automatic current stabilization (3) Constant voltage current limiting (4) High temperature alarm (5) Ripple coefficient is not large 5% (6) Fault alarm (7) Floating charge/Equalizing charge automatic conversion (8) Temperature compensation

Do not mix different brands, different capacities, or new and old together

(1) When using in series, use the same type of battery. (2) When connecting in parallel, pay attention to the pressure difference of each circuit. (3) The cables or connecting plates must be of equal length and resistance to ensure balance 

In the process of discharging, if the terminal voltage of battery discharge is exceeded , and continues to discharge, it may cause the internal pressure of the battery to rise, the reversibility of the positive and negative active materials will be damaged, and the capacity of the battery will decrease or cause a short circuit after recharging.

Zero voltage is the battery open circuit, the reasons are: (1) The pole is broken (2) The connection is poorly welded (3) The terminal is poorly welded

The difference between gel batteries and traditional lead-acid batteries is not just that the liquid is turned into a gel. Its important characteristics are: the use of lower industrial costs, the service life is generally longer than traditional lead-acid batteries, and the high temperature and low temperature characteristics are much better.

(1) Reverse polarity phenomenon (2) Short circuit phenomenon (3) Plate sulfation phenomenon (4) Plate bending and corrosion fracture (5) Active material falling off 

The carbon lead battery is a capacitive lead-acid battery in which carbon material is added to the negative electrode of the lead-acid battery. The positive electrode active material of ordinary lead-acid batteries is lead oxide (PbO2), and the negative electrode active material is lead (Pb). If carbon material is mixed into the negative electrode active material Pb, ordinary lead-acid batteries become carbon lead batteries. It has the characteristics of electric double layer capacitance, low-temperature start-up capability, charge acceptance capability and high-current charge-discharge performance, effectively prolonging the battery life.